The second ionization potential of elements i | vedclass

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Question

(A) The second ionization potential $(IE_2)$ is the energy required to remove an electron from a unipositive ion $(M^+)$. Since the cation $(M^+)$ has

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The size of the cation is smaller than its atom.

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(A) The second ionization potential $(IE_2)$ is the energy required to remove an electron from a unipositive ion $(M^+)$. Since the cation $(M^+)$ has fewer electrons than the neutral atom $(M)$ but the same nuclear charge,the remaining electrons are more strongly attracted by the nucleus. Additionally,the size of the cation is smaller than its corresponding neutral atom. Therefore,it requires more energy to remove the second electron compared to the first electron.

$I.P.$ \text{ Trend}	Reason
$A$. $N > O$	Half-filled configuration
$B$. $Zr < Hf$	Lanthanide contraction
$C$. $Na > K$	$Z_{eff}$
$D$. $Al < Ga$	Transition contraction

The second ionization potential of elements is invariably higher than the first ionization potential because:

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